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Color chromatography, also known as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), is a separation technique where different colored components of a mixture are separated based on their different affinities for the stationary and mobile phases. The stationary phase is a thin layer of adsorbent material (like silica gel) on a plate, and the mobile phase is a solvent that travels up the plate. Different components move at different rates based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, leading to separation and visualization of colored bands.