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According to Rutherford's model, atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, while the electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels or shells. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number of an element. The number of electrons in an atom is generally equal to the number of protons, making the atom electrically neutral. However, if an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes an ion.