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A pH electrode membrane typically consists of a thin glass bulb filled with a pH-sensitive solution. The bulb is separated from the external solution by a thin layer of glass. When the electrode is immersed in a solution, hydrogen ions (H+) from the solution diffuse through the glass membrane into the pH-sensitive solution. The concentration of H+ ions in the pH-sensitive solution changes the electrical potential of the electrode, which is measured by a voltmeter. The electrical potential is directly proportional to the pH of the external solution.