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Identify the ground state free ion term symbols and the ground-state energy terms, in both octahedral and tetrahedral fields, for the following metal ions: i. Cu2+ ii. V3+ iii. Cr3+ iv. Mn2+
Accepted Answer
Here are the ground state free ion term symbols and the ground-state energy terms, in both octahedral and tetrahedral fields, for the given metal ions:
i. Cu2+
Free Ion: d9, 2D
Octahedral: d9, 2D (ground state), 2T2 (excited state)
Tetrahedral: d9, 2T2 (ground state), 2D (excited state)
ii. V3+
Free Ion: d2, 3F
Octahedral: d2, 3T1 (ground state), 3A2, 3T2 (excited states)
Tetrahedral: d2, 3T1 (ground state), 3A2, 3T2 (excited states)
iii. Cr3+
Free Ion: d3, 4F
Octahedral: d3, 4A2 (ground state), 4T2, 4T1 (excited states)
Tetrahedral: d3, 4T1 (ground state), 4A2, 4T2 (excited states)
iv. Mn2+
Free Ion: d5, 6S
Octahedral: d5, 6A1 (ground state), 4T1, 4T2, 4A1 (excited states)
Tetrahedral: d5, 6A1 (ground state), 4T1, 4T2, 4A1 (excited states)
Explanation:
Free Ion Term Symbols: These represent the electronic configuration and total angular momentum (L and S) of the metal ion in its isolated state.
Octahedral and Tetrahedral Fields: The splitting of the d orbitals in these crystal fields results in different energy levels. The ground state is the lowest energy level. The excited states are higher energy levels.
Note: The actual energies of the levels can be influenced by factors like ligand field strength and electron-electron repulsion.
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