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Identify the ground state free ion term symbols i. Cu2+ ii. V3+ iii. Cr3+ iv. Mn2+
Accepted Answer
The ground state free ion term symbols for the given ions are:
i. Cu2+: 2D (3d9 configuration)
ii. V3+: 3F (3d2 configuration)
iii. Cr3+: 4F (3d3 configuration)
iv. Mn2+: 6S (3d5 configuration)
Explanation:
1. Electron Configuration: Determine the electron configuration of the ion. For example, Cu2+ has the configuration [Ar] 3d9.
2. Hund's Rules: Apply Hund's rules to determine the ground state term symbol:
Rule 1: Maximize total spin multiplicity (S). Find the maximum number of unpaired electrons.
Rule 2: Maximize total orbital angular momentum (L). This means filling orbitals in a way that gives the highest value of L.
Rule 3: For a subshell that is less than half-filled, L and S are coupled to give the lowest value of J (J = L - S). For a subshell that is more than half-filled, L and S are coupled to give the highest value of J (J = L + S).
3. Term Symbol: The term symbol is represented as 2S+1LJ, where:
2S+1 is the spin multiplicity (number of possible spin orientations)
L is the total orbital angular momentum (represented by letters: S=0, P=1, D=2, F=3, G=4, etc.)
J is the total angular momentum (J = L + S, L + S - 1, ..., |L - S|)
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