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The most important ways to test pollutants in water are:
- Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measures how much of a metal is in a sample by shining light through it and seeing how much light is absorbed.
- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a very sensitive technique that can measure many different metals in a sample at the same time.
- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to identify and quantify organic compounds in a sample.
- High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used to separate and identify different compounds in a sample based on their size and polarity.