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Sulfonation is a chemical process that introduces a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) into an organic molecule. It is typically carried out by treating the organic molecule with concentrated sulfuric acid or a sulfonating agent such as sulfur trioxide (SO3) or chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO3H). Sulfonation is a versatile reaction that can be used to modify the properties of organic molecules, such as their acidity, solubility, and reactivity.