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The nuclear charge experienced by a valence electron in Co²⁺ is effectively +25. Here's why:
Cobalt's Atomic Number: Cobalt (Co) has an atomic number of 27, meaning it has 27 protons in its nucleus.
Cobalt(II) Ion: The Roman numeral II in 'Cobalt(II)' indicates a +2 charge. This means that the cobalt atom has lost two electrons, leaving it with 25 electrons.
Effective Nuclear Charge: The effective nuclear charge is the net positive charge experienced by an electron. While there are 27 protons, the 25 remaining electrons provide some shielding, reducing the full +27 charge. The effective nuclear charge for a valence electron in Co²⁺ is essentially +25.