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The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant, regardless of the changes that occur within the system. This means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred or transformed. Mathematically, the first law can be expressed as:
ΔU = Q - W
where ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system, Q is the heat added to the system, and W is the work done by the system.