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Dihydroxylation is a chemical reaction where two hydroxyl (-OH) groups are added to a molecule, typically an alkene. This reaction can be achieved using various reagents, including osmium tetroxide (OsO4), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Dihydroxylation is a key step in organic synthesis, used for the synthesis of various important compounds, including diols and pharmaceuticals.