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The Sharpless dihydroxylation is a chemical reaction that converts an alkene to a vicinal diol (a compound with two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms) using osmium tetroxide (OsO4) as a catalyst. It is a stereospecific reaction, meaning that the stereochemistry of the alkene is preserved in the diol product. The reaction is also enantioselective, meaning that one enantiomer (stereoisomer) of the diol is preferentially formed over the other.