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I need note on general chemistry
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General Chemistry
Matter and Its Properties
* Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
* Physical properties: characteristics that can be observed without changing the composition of the substance (e.g., color, density, melting point)
* Chemical properties: characteristics that describe how a substance reacts with other substances (e.g., flammability, reactivity with acids)
Structure of Atoms
* Atoms: the basic building blocks of matter
* Nucleus: the central part of an atom, containing protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge)
* Electrons: negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus
Chemical Bonding
* Chemical bond: a force that holds atoms together to form molecules
* Ionic bond: formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
* Covalent bond: formed when atoms share electrons
Chemical Reactions
* Chemical reaction: a process in which atoms or molecules are rearranged to form new substances
* Reactants: the starting materials of a reaction
* Products: the substances formed in a reaction
Stoichiometry
* Stoichiometry: the study of the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction
* Balanced chemical equations: equations that show the mole ratios of reactants and products
Solutions
* Solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
* Solute: the substance that is dissolved
* Solvent: the substance that does the dissolving
Acids and Bases
* Acid: a substance that donates protons (H+ ions)
* Base: a substance that accepts protons
* pH: a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution
Redox Reactions
* Redox reactions: reactions that involve the transfer of electrons
* Oxidation: the loss of electrons
* Reduction: the gain of electrons
Thermochemistry
* Thermochemistry: the study of heat changes in chemical reactions
* Enthalpy (H): a measure of the heat content of a system
* Exothermic reactions: reactions that release heat
* Endothermic reactions: reactions that absorb heat
Kinetics
* Kinetics: the study of the rates of chemical reactions
* Rate law: an equation that expresses the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the concentrations of the reactants
* Activation energy: the minimum amount of energy that must be supplied to a reaction in order for it to occur
Matter and Its Properties
* Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
* Physical properties: characteristics that can be observed without changing the composition of the substance (e.g., color, density, melting point)
* Chemical properties: characteristics that describe how a substance reacts with other substances (e.g., flammability, reactivity with acids)
Structure of Atoms
* Atoms: the basic building blocks of matter
* Nucleus: the central part of an atom, containing protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge)
* Electrons: negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus
Chemical Bonding
* Chemical bond: a force that holds atoms together to form molecules
* Ionic bond: formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
* Covalent bond: formed when atoms share electrons
Chemical Reactions
* Chemical reaction: a process in which atoms or molecules are rearranged to form new substances
* Reactants: the starting materials of a reaction
* Products: the substances formed in a reaction
Stoichiometry
* Stoichiometry: the study of the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction
* Balanced chemical equations: equations that show the mole ratios of reactants and products
Solutions
* Solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
* Solute: the substance that is dissolved
* Solvent: the substance that does the dissolving
Acids and Bases
* Acid: a substance that donates protons (H+ ions)
* Base: a substance that accepts protons
* pH: a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution
Redox Reactions
* Redox reactions: reactions that involve the transfer of electrons
* Oxidation: the loss of electrons
* Reduction: the gain of electrons
Thermochemistry
* Thermochemistry: the study of heat changes in chemical reactions
* Enthalpy (H): a measure of the heat content of a system
* Exothermic reactions: reactions that release heat
* Endothermic reactions: reactions that absorb heat
Kinetics
* Kinetics: the study of the rates of chemical reactions
* Rate law: an equation that expresses the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the concentrations of the reactants
* Activation energy: the minimum amount of energy that must be supplied to a reaction in order for it to occur
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