Frequently Asked Question

The synthesis of iminodisuccinic acid (IDA) from ammonium bicarbonate and fumaric acid in the presence of ZnCl3 involves a multi-step reaction. Here's a suggested approach:
1. Fumaric acid hydration: Fumaric acid is first hydrated to malic acid using water and a catalyst (e.g., sulfuric acid) at elevated temperatures. This step converts the double bond in fumaric acid to a single bond and adds a hydroxyl group.
2. Ammonium bicarbonate reaction: Malic acid reacts with ammonium bicarbonate to form ammonium malate. This reaction occurs at a moderate temperature, likely around 100°C, with the liberation of carbon dioxide gas.
3. IDA formation: Ammonium malate is then heated with ZnCl3 under controlled conditions. The ZnCl3 acts as a catalyst, promoting the formation of IDA. This reaction requires a high temperature and specific conditions for successful yield.
Note: The exact reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, time, and stoichiometry) will depend on the specific catalyst used and the desired yield. Careful optimization is essential to obtain the desired product. It is recommended to consult relevant scientific literature for specific details on the reaction conditions and reaction mechanism.