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Dashes and wedges are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of sp3 hybridized compounds in organic chemistry.
Dashed lines indicate bonds that are pointing
away
from the viewer, behind the plane of the page.
Solid lines represent bonds that lie
in
the plane of the page.
Wedge lines (thick lines with a wedge at the end) indicate bonds pointing
towards
the viewer, in front of the plane of the page.
This notation is crucial because it helps visualize the spatial arrangement of atoms and how they interact, which is essential for understanding the properties and reactions of organic molecules.